Wednesday, March 15, 2006
HC+T Update: March 2006
The March 2006 email newsletter from Holtz Communication + Technology, in blog/RSS format.
HC+T Update
March 2006
- Is Anybody Out There?
- Wal-Mart Called Out For Blogger Relations Campaign
- Could Community Wikis Be The Tipping Point?
- Marketing Via Wikipedia: Tread With Care
- Should The Press Release Live, Die, Or Be Reborn
- Internal Communications Suited To Open Source Marketing
- Rocketboom Debuts its Commercial
- Measuring Blog ROI
- Site of the month
- HC+T update
- Boilerplate and subscription information
As usual, this issue represents mostly material I’ve written for my blog over the past month. You can find the blog at http://blog.holtz.com. And don’t forget, you should seriously consider switching from the email subscription to the RSS feed. Just add the following URL to your RSS news reader: http://blog.holtz.com/index.php/update/rss_2.0/.
1. Is Anybody Out There?
It occurred to me about March 3 or 4 that I had not put out a February Update. February was a very busy month, lots of travel, and it just got by me.
What surprised me, though, was that nobody let me know. I have about 5,000 people on the mailing list and, even with spam filters and other obstacles, the newsletter’s getting to a bunch of people. But it seems that nobody missed an issue!
Which leads me to wonder whether I should keep cranking it out. Most of what appears here is from my blog. Are you already reading that?
I’d appreciate the feedback. Drop me a line and let me know if HC+T Update continues to be worthwhile for you.
2. Wal-Mart Called Out For Blogger Relations Campaign
The PR corner of the blogosphere—along with other elements—has been abuzz lately over a New York Times piece that revealed Wal-Mart’s effort to tell its story through the blogosphere.
Wal-Mart historically has avoided public discussion or debate over the practices that have made it a lightning rod for unions and activists, among others. More recently, though, the company has done a turnaround, launching an effort to get its side of the story into the marketplace. Part of that effort involved engaging Edelman, the world’s largest independent public relations agency, to help get the message into the blogosphere, where Wal-Mart and its practices are routine fodder for conversation.
An Edelman representative named Marshall Manson approached bloggers whose writing led him to believe they might be inclined to support Wal-Mart’s perspective. These bloggers were offered occasional emails containing information about which they might be interested in writing. The information was offered a a source of content for their blogs. They received no compensation in exchange for accepting the message and were under no obligation to use the material; in fact, they were asked specifically not to copy and paste the emails verbatim. However, a couple of the bloggers did run the emails word for word. Since a blog should reflect the author’s voice, not somebody else’s, when quoting somebody, bloggers should disclose the source. I always do. These bloggers did not. It was the fact that the same words appeared on more than one blog that led the Times to produce its “expose,” following which many bloggers accused Wal-Mart and Edelman of “astroturfing.”
(Astroturfing refers to the practice of seeding newspapers and other outlets with letters to the editor that appear to come from individuals but in fact the same letter appears under many different names in a variety of newspapers, the result of a centrally coordinated effort.)
Edelman’s effort has come under fire for a variety of reasons, few of which are valid. The campaign has also led to some thoughtful reflection resulting in proposals to improve such efforts in the future.
The specious objections to the campaign come in three flavors:
- It is unethical for an organization to appropriate the blogosphere in this manner
- It is unfair for savvy companies to take advantage of naive, gullible bloggers
- If Wal-Mart wants to participate in the conversation, they should just start their own blogs
Denying organizations a voice in the blogosphere simply by virtue of the fact that they are organizations is ludicrous. Insisting that the only voice they should be permitted is the one articulated from their own blogs is unduly restrictive; circumstances or strategy may preclude a blog for one reason or another. However, as long as organizations are ethical, transparent, and factual, they should not be constrained from employing the same tactics everyone else uses.
In a CNBC “Squawkbox” segment in which I was interviewed last week, the interviewer asked me if the WalMart campaign didn’t somehow compromise bloggers who are viewed as having independent voices. The fact is, few bloggers write solely from the inner workings of their own minds. The content of their posts are derived from material they have acquired from any number of other sources. It could be the mainstream media. It could be other blogs. It could be a review of their RSS feeds, or content they found serendipitously on a website, or something they heard on the radio or saw on TV or discussed with a friend.
I receive emails from bloggers including BL Ochman and Dave Traynor alerting me (and others; these are lists) to posts in which they believe I might be interested. I also get emails from non-bloggers like Judy Gombita who want to alert me to items I might find relevant. None of these individuals work for companies or are representing a client’s point of view. On the other hand, they wouldn’t send something that contradicted their own point of view, either, would they? But, ultimately, who cares? The source of the information isn’t important, once I’ve determined that the source is credible. We bloggers routinely select from this constant stream of information and ideas the material about which we will write. The more fodder, the better.
There’s nothing wrong with some of that information coming from an organization with an agenda as long as they disclose who they are and what their agenda is.
The mainstream media —- also independent -— routinely uses press releases, interviews, and tips from companies and their PR agencies without disclosing the source of every fact. (That would make for long and boring pieces!)
The bottom line is this: If Judy Gombita can send me pointers to articles and information so I can choose to write about it, so can any organization, whether it’s Wal-Mart, Greenpeace, the United Auto Workers, the Jewish Defense League, the World Bank or the Republican Party. All they have to do is adhere to the guidelines Richard Edelman listed on his blog:
- Get permission from the blogger to send the information
- Be transparent about who you are, on whose behalf you’re sending the information, and why you’re sending it
- Disclose any financial arrangements or other quid pro quo
- Deliver only honest, accurate, factual information without spin
As for how bloggers use the information, that’s the blogger’s responsibility, not the organization’s or that of its PR counselors.
Still, some legitimate objections have been raised, the most valid of which is that Manson failed to thorougly disclose his affiliation with Edelman. Based on a reading of his email message, I’m certain this was a miscalculation and not a deliberate attempt to deceive; after all, “Edelman” did appear in the message. Manson may have assumed bloggers would understand what that meant. Several have pointed out, however, that they assumed he was an employee of Wal-Mart, which could put a somewhat different spin on the perception readers would have of the message. Others asserted that it didn’t matter.
As disclosure is at the heart of the objections to the campaign, it’s worth looking at advice from Joseph Thornley, of the Canadian PR firm Thornley-Fallis. Thornley suggested that Edelman or Wal-Mart might have headed off the current controversy by setting up a blog to include every single email sent to the bloggers recruited for the effort. I like that idea a lot; it’s similar to the Nokia n90 blogger relations blog, which establishes complete transparency because it’s a publicly accessible blog that lists all the material available to those bloggers who agreed to participate in the product launch’s blogger relations effort.
A-list PR blogger Steve Rubel suggests in an essay that blogger relations should start with building a relationship with the blogger by feeding him or her links that he or she would be interested in but have nothing to do with your employer or client. From there, offer an RSS subscription to your del.icio.us bookmarks, and point out that from time to time you’ll include links from your client. That’s good advice for a long-term relationship, but won’t work if you have a short-term campaign focusing on content covered by bloggers you had never previously considered approaching.
I presume the folks at Edelman are weighing all of these ideas and more. The agency is by no means to be criticized for not incorporating these concepts into tge Wal-Mart campaign. This is all new territory and we’re learning as we go, striving to be ethical and above-board while trying new approaches, identifying gaps, and discarding what doesn’t work.
3. Could Community Wikis Be The Tipping Point?
At the New Communications Forum, pretty much everybody agreed that blogs were no fad, but wikis evoked a less enthusiastic response. Some conference participants shrugged them off as too technical and complex for the average user. Even Wikipedia is revised most frequently by a relatively small group of regulars.
Nobody argues that wikis make it easier to generate web content than working in HTML or a web authoring app like Dreamweaver. All that’s missing from wikis to get people using them is real motivation. A company called Wetpaint just may have found that motivation.
If you own a dog, odds are you love that dog. (Mine’s name is Sasha. She’s a shepherd mix who is as dumb as a post and the sweetest creature alive.) People who are passionate about dogs are likely to take that last step into wikis in order to contribute to WikiFido one of the community wikis Wetpaint has created. Here, you can add your $.02 to community-written topics like becoming a dog owner, dog breeds, puppy training, taking care of Fido and a list of dog resources. You can also add your dog’s picture to the “My Dog is Cuter than Your Dog” or “Ugliest Dog” pages.
WikiFido is just one of the wikis Wetpaint has set up. According to a Seattle Post-Intelligencer article, Wetpaint’s other wikis cover cancer, the XBox 360, Democrats, Republicans, and bird flu. According to the article, the venture capital-backed company operates under a principle that will be familiar to blog readers:
“The most important concept behind Wetpaint is the idea that groups of people working together and sharing information can create more compelling online content than individuals. In other words, two dozen poodle owners will have more interesting things to say than just one. Wetpaint dubs this the ‘collective wisdom of crowds.’”
I wouldn’t be the least bit surprised if WikiFido takes off. I would think the XBox and cancer wikis would also have great chances for success, given the numbers of people with intense interest in the topic and the belief that they have knowledge to share.
My only regret is that a startup came up with these ideas instead of a company. Why shouldn’t Purina have created WikiFido? Why couldn’t Merck establish WikiCancer? Sadly, the answer is obvious: The leaders of these organizations are too busy fretting about the potential risks new media poses—or dismissing wikis as a fad or too technical—instead of innovating uses that are low risk and have the potential for high value.
Now it’s just a matter of seeing if wikis targeting topics about which individuals have passion is enough to nudge them over the technical hurdles and get them engaged. I’m betting it will.
4. Marketing Via Wikipedia: Tread With Care
I’m sitting in an airline lounge at Dulles, having just finished a talk on new media to the annual gathering of US Army Public Affairs officers. During the talk, I showed the Wikipedia entry for the US Army and for the Army’s 101st Airborne Division, pointing out that the Army had an opportunity to ensure the content posted there was accurate. I also suggested that Army information not included on Wikipedia could be added.
Here at the airport, checking my feeds, I came upon an article by a PR blogger of whom I’d been unaware, Rohit Bhargava, who writes the “Influential Interactive Marketing” blog, “Reflections on creating compelling marketing, advertising & public relations online.” In the article, Bhargava reflects on a session he attended at the Search Engine Strategies conference at which one of the speakers told of introducing a Wikipedia entry dedicated to a proprietary platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments. The initial entry was 40 characters long.
“Within 20 minutes, the post had been edited, and now has several pages of dense content on Wikipedia and appears highly on search results on Google for Labview. It is a great example of how marketers can jump start the creation of third party content that ends up being a wonderful selling and marketing tool - assuming you are able to release control and let the greater community take over.”
True enough, and I applaud Jeff Watts from National Semiconductor for the effort. It also raised a red flag, though. First, the powers that be at Wikipedia could identify such an entry as a blatant attempt at marketing and remove it. (The term “podfading”) was removed after someone tried to enter it, even though it has entered the podcasting lexicon.) It’s also easy to trace the IP address of somebody adding or entering an item. That’s what happened to “podfather” Adam Curry when he tried to revise the podcasting entry, making him the target of some unkind publicity.
While I have no doubt some smart PR people will use the idea of new entries in Wikipedia as a guerrilla marketing tactic, I also have no doubt that some clumsy, unprofessional, brainless dolts will apply the same techniques more brutishly, resulting in a backlash and (as so often happens in our business) wind up having the rest of us painted with their brush.
It’s a good idea, but tread carefully if you try it. Make sure your entry adds value to Wikipedia readers, not just to your client.
5. Should The Press Release Live, Die, Or Be Reborn?
Just to prove there’s an abundance of viewpoints on the future of the press release, I’d like to point you to David Meerman Scott‘s opinion. Scott, author of “Cashing In With Content: How Innovative Marketers Use Digital Information to Turn Browsers Into Buyers,” writes in MarketingProfs.com that the future of press releases will require precisely the behavior that has led Amy Gahran and others to insist that the press release is dead.
Let’s review: Amy says most press releases contain no news, are badly written, and drive reporters insane. Reporters consequently hate them, resulting in few getting the ink they were designed to produce. In the world of blogs and other social media, there are better ways to get your news out. Hence, press releases are relics of a bygone era.
Not so, says Scott. He starts by explaining the good old days when press releases were aimed solely at the press.
“Today, savvy marketing professionals use press releases to reach buyers directly. Many marketing and PR people understand that press releases sent over the wires appear in near real time on services like Google News. But very few understand the implication that they must dramatically alter their press-release strategy if they are to maximize the effectiveness of the press release as a channel for directly communicating with consumers.”
Scott suggests the new rules for press releases include this gem that should drive Amy up a wall: “Don’t just send press releases when ‘big news’ is happening; find good reasons to send them all the time..”
I understand where Scott is coming from, but it’s exactly the kind of press release he’s advocating that lends itself better to new media. The press releases I advocate are the ones with real news that reporters and editors still want to get, the ones that become the official statement of record that reporters love to be able to search for and find in online media newsrooms.
Still, it’s interesting to get a point of view that’s diametrically opposed to the “press-release-is-dead” meme that Amy started. What it tells me is that, bankrupt or not, the press release isn’t going anywhere soon—not if advisors like Scott are wielding any influence at all over their clients.
One more note on press releases: Silicon Valley Watcher’s Tom Foremski headlined an item on Monday, “Die! Press Release! Die! Die! Die!” I wanted to ask him what he really thought. I hate it when people sugar-coat their opinions.
“Press releases are nearly useless. They typically start with a tremendous amount of top-spin, they contain pat-on-the-back phrases and meaningless quotes. Often they will contain quotes from C-level executives praising their customer focus. They often contain praise from analysts, (who are almost always paid or have a customer relationship.) And so on…”
Foremski suggests that press releases should be deconstructed into sections and tagged to writers, editors, and publishers can “pre-assemble some of the news stories and make the information useful.” Nifty idea. Getting every company and agency to agree on a standard, on the other hand…
While some may want the “press release is dead” meme to end, the discussion could wind up producing some worthwhile ideas. Tom Foremski had one that I couldn’t quite wrap my mind around. “Deconstruct the press release into special sections,” he suggested, “and tag the information so that as a publisher, I can pre-assemble some of the news story and make the information useful.” His suggestions for sections included a description, C-level quotes, customer quotes, analyst quotes and financial information. “Provide many links inside the press release copy, and also provide a whole page of relevant links to other news stories or reference sources,” Foremski suggested, adding, “And tag everything so that I can pre-assemble my stories.”
Nifty idea, I thought, but getting consistency everyone to adopt a standard will never happen. Anyway, the problem with the press release has nothing to do with form; it’s a question of substance. While reporters will bitch and moan about press releases in general, they will appreciate and use one that contains real news and is well written.
So I didn’t give Foremski’s idea much thought until I saw it implemented. SHIFT Communications’ Todd Defren took a crack at Foremski’s notion, using a month-old press release as a model. Foremski called it a a good example and a great step in the right direction—“Just these simple things already made the news release a lot more useful.” You can view the effort at http://pr-squared.blogspot.com/2006/03/is-this-press-release-of-tomorrow.html
And I agree. Add to that the interactivity companies like PR Newswire and PRWeb are building into press releases (del.icio.us tags, trackback URLs, etc.), and we may really be onto something here.
So I’m in no hurry for the meme to die. I’d rather it continue and produce more results like these. e.
6. Internal Communications Suited To Open Source Marketing
Open source marketing is a great notion, but it’s slow to catch on. Eventually it will become common, but it’s a dramatic a shift from an approach to advertising and marketing that has become entrenched over 50 years. Few high-powered Madison Avenue execs would be excited about the idea of turning their creative over to the person on the street. So while open source marketing has persuasive evangeilists who can point to some brilliant case studies that make us hopeful, we have to realize that these are, for the time being, exceptions and not the rule.
Inside our organizations is another matter altogether.
Internal communicators have been practicing forms of open source marketing for years. In an effort to involve employees, we have solicited their contributions to our communication programs in an amazing variety of ways.
I’ve heard that the benefits videos produced for employee consumption at Southwest Airlines use employees as performers, even in singing-and-dancing bits. I’ve seen more than one internal publication that featured a photo of the month selected from among several submitted by employees. More than one intranet was named in a “name the intranet” contest. Some progressive companies have been known to turn to their employees to craft their vision, mission, and values statements. The list goes on.
These examples of internal open source marketing were not undertaken with open source marketing in mind. Internal communicators always seek to get employees more engaged in the process. After all, employee communication staffs tend to be small and getting employees to contribute helps to stretch the budget. I never held an employee communications position where I didn’t try to cajole employees at non-headquarters locations to write an article for us now and then. If employee communicators DID approach their work with open source marketing in mind, the possibilities for engaging employees in the communication process expand considerably.
Unlike simple contests and solicitation of employee contributions, open source marketing sets the parameters for a communication campaign and turns the creative over to employees. It’s a small but significant step away from what most employee communicators are already doing. Here’s an example:
It’s benefits enrollment season. Your primary challenge for the current year’s campaign: Convince employees enrolled in an expensive medical plan to switch to a cheaper managed care program. These employees perceive that managed care is inferior care. You turn to employees who are already enrolled in the managed care program, and you turn them loose. “Tell us a story about an experience with your healthcare provider,” you ask them. “Any story. Using any medium. Write an article, produce a video, record an audio file, draw a comic strip, we really don’t care HOW you tell the story. Just tell it.” Why would an employee take the time to produce and submit such content? A prize for the best submission as voted by other employees, of course. Or a banquet dinner for all employees who submit an entry. Or some other incentive.
You cull from among the submissions and pick those that best convey the quality of the plan’s managed care provider and turn this into your communication. Written recollections go into your newsletter or onto your intranet (or both). Videos go up on the intranet as a special feature. You can turn some of the submissions into posters, incorporate some into other benefits communication vehicles. The employees’ positive stories about their managed care healthcare experiences becomes the consistent theme of your communications.
That’s just one idea, off the top of my head. Give it some thought and you can probably come up with a half-dozen more uses for open source marketing that your organization could benefit from right now. And unlike the external world, you’re not introducing a true paradigm shift. (Yes, I know, paradigm is a hackneyed word, but its overuse began with a legitimate definition, and a transition from inside-out marketing to outside-out fits the definition.) Internally, everybody’s already positioned to contribute to an open source effort. Internal communicators simply need to build the concept into their communication plans and programs to get the most out of it.
7. Rocketboom Debuts Its Commercial
Funny, isn’t it, that the blogosphere was abuzz when Rocketboom auctioned an ad, but barely a whisper was heard yesterday when the ad debuted at the end of the normal Monday segment. More attention should be paid.
This whole social computing phenomenon is gradually, glacially changing the face of communications, covering the spectrum of advertising, marketing, and public relations, along with all their sub-classes (like investor relations and employee communications). Steve Rubel reported yesterday on a Forrester report on social computing that reached this conclusion:
“To thrive in an era of Social Computing, companies must abandon top-down management and communication tactics, weave communities into their products and services, use employees and partners as marketers, and become part of a living fabric of brand loyalists.”
It’s a great quote, one I’m sure will be cited repeatedly for many months. Yet whenever I sit down to watch television (I just can’t stop watching “24”), I still have to fast-forward through those 30-second spots, the death of which has been (prematurely) proclaimed by so many. (Thank God for TiVo.) Change comes slowly to entrenched institutions, especially when so many different players perpetuate traditional strategies even though their effectiveness may be eroding faster than Santa Monica hillsides during a monsoon. Clients, agencies, producers, media brokers and buyers and television and radio stations represent an infrastructure that won’t easily abandon its bread-and-butter product. It would be like asking an automobile supply chain to suddenly stop making cars and shift to producing Segways.
But anybody involved in communication should watch the first ad on Rocketboom and consider the model the daily newslike video blog has introduced. In case you missed the story—or have forgotten—a company called TRM won the auction. TRM recruits people to sell its ATMs into retail outlets. Part of the deal was that Rocketboom would create the commercials, which would run at the conclusion of each daily episode for a week.
The Rocketboom team has created an episodic ad campaign featuring host Amanda Congdon in a comic strip-like series. As described in We are the Media, a blog dedicated to the “vlogosphere” (dear God, not another osphere):
“Because they are not limited to television’s thirty seconds, they have added subtlety and intruigue and a great narrative story to the advertisements that will make Rocketboom subscribers sit on the edge of their seats waiting for the next days advertisement.”
Equally important is that the ad fits seamlessly with the whole Rocketboom ethos. Regular viewers of Rocketboom will not skip the ad because the ad is part of Rocketboom, not an irrelevant interruption. For $40,000, TRM gets about 100,000 people paying close attention to the ad and, in some cases, even watching it multiple times to pick up on subtle elements that you just won’t catch from a single viewing.
As “We are the Media’s” Bre Pettis points out, the folks at Rocketboom can report with some degree of accuracy how many times the ad has been downloaded. The real test, of course, will be in the number of viewers who become sales agents for TRM. But whether or not TRM meets its goals with the ads (you have to figure these ads would produce better results for a more mainstream product or service), the campaign crystallizes the potential for advertising in the social computing era. The only question is how long it will take for those clients locked into the mainstream advertising world to figure it out.
8. Measuring Blog ROI
Katie Paine has conceded a point to Shel Israel: As cheap as they are to set up and maintain, there’s really no need to measure the ROI of blogs. After all, is it necessary to measure the ROI of your pants? (Shel denies he ever used this analog, but Katie remembers it.)
There’s much to be said of this argument. If a company installs the open-source Wordpress on its own servers, the cost is limited to bandwidth. For $14 a month, a company can have the top-tier Typepad service without concern for bandwidth use. When measured against cost, it doesn’t take much to justify. One minor positive outcome can tip the scales and rationalize the cost of the blog.
It’s even easy to extend the “pants” argument to higher costs, as Toby Ward does when discussing intranet ROI. Intranets, obviously, cost more than blogs, but Toby has asked if companies demand ROI justification for their telephone networks? Not even the bean counters insist on a tally of the ROI for phones because everyone knows the consequences of removing them.
But I would make the argument that the kind of ROI assurance executives want is not the kind of ROI accountants measure; we’re getting too hung up on definitions. The ROI in question here is more commonly referred to as a cost (or risk) benefit analysis. While ROI generally refers to the amount of money earned after all expenses are tallied, the risk-benefit analysis weighs the consequences of an action or expense against the benefits it will achieve. Because so many executives fear the consequences and don’t understand or recognize the benefits, I still think this kind of measurement is important.
What’s not important is a dollars-and-cents accounting. At the New Communications Forum, Charlene Li raised the story of the UK blogger who lamented the inability to find his favorite deodorant and the way Unilever was able to capitalize on the post to boost its reputation. That’s an example of the benefit of monitoring the blogosphere that outweighs the risk (the time required to conduct the monitoring and its subsequent drain on productivity).
The employee-written blog from Intuit’s Quickbooks Online that resolves customer concerns equally justifies the amount of time employees spend generating content for the blog and offsets the concerns that an employee might say something wrong. After all, what’s the value of turning a disgruntled customer into a satisfied one who sill sing a company’s praises to friends, family, and (possibly) the audience of his blog readers?
Not all measurement is ROI. Anecdotal evidence counts as measurement as much as numbers do; it’s why measurement experts include both quantitative and qualitative measurement tools in their toolkits.
But until management sees blogging as indispensable as the phones—or their pants—I’ll continue to recommend that the benefits and outcomes are measured, even if only anecdotally. Katie concedes that there are some things that don’t need to be measured. I agree: Pants and telephones are two great examples. But executives aren’t arguing that pants are unnecessary or that telephones pose unnecessary risks. For skeptical executives, measurement remains the most convincing and compelling tool for changing minds.
9. Sites of the month
30 Boxes
There’s an awful lot of buzz surrounding 30 Boxes, a new Web 2.0/AJAX application that several are gushingly proclaiming will do for online calendars what Google Mail did for web-based email. I’ve got an account and I have to admit, it’s drop-dead easy to use and startingly fast. The idea that you can share the calendar with others is not new, but ease of use is what propelled Gmail above its competitors. It’s also free.
Thumbstacks
I’ve been playing with a similar piece of software that emulates PowerPoint. Thumbstacks provides the tools for slide show creation on your browser and stores your presentation online, so you can start and run it from anywhere you can connect. You can make your presentations private or share them, as I have with this one that I created just to see how it worked. (It’s not comprehensive, just a test of the app.) This is alpha software so it’s missing a lot of functionality, such as transitions, builds, and the like. There are only three themes (although you can edit a background yourself). Still, this is pretty slick and easy to use. On the plus side, you don’t have to carry presentations with you. On the downside, I’ve presented in plenty of places without Internet connectivity, so you’d have to choose to use this carefully.
10. HC+T update
- I’m speaking at two IABC chapters next week: Brazos Valley (College Station, Texas) and Colorado (Denver).
- Next Friday, I’m speaking at a joint meeting of PRSA and IAOC (International Association of Online Communicators) in Valley Forge, PA. Neville Hobson, my co-host on the “For Immediate Release” podcast, will join me virtually from Amsterdam.
- I’ll conduct two half-day training sessions for Intel in Portland next month.
11. Boilerplate and subscription information
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